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- DSL identifier rules: letters/digits/underscores - reduce mode: min(requested, max_affordable) formula - Chanlun time alignment: nearest K-line <= timestamp - GridResult/run_many return types documented Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
550 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
550 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
# Backtest Engine Design — easy-tdx
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**Date:** 2026-06-09
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**Status:** Approved (rev 2 — incorporated DeepSeek feasibility review)
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**Module:** `easy_tdx.backtest`
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**Priority:** P0 — 量化工具链全栈的第一块拼图
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---
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## 1. 目标
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为 easy-tdx 新增自建回测引擎模块,让用户能基于 easy-tdx 获取的 K 线数据执行策略回测、查看绩效报告。
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### 核心约束
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- 纯计算模块,与 `chanlun` 同级,零网络依赖
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- 仅依赖 `pandas`/`numpy`(项目已有),不引入第三方回测库
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- 接收 easy-tdx 标准 DataFrame(`datetime, open, close, high, low, vol, amount`)及带指标列的扩展 DataFrame
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- 双模式策略定义:Python 类继承(P0)+ DSL 公式语法(P1)
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- v1 只实现向量化执行路径(日级策略),架构预留事件驱动扩展点
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### v1 范围(P0 vs P1)
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| 优先级 | 模块 | 说明 |
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|--------|------|------|
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| **P0** | Strategy 基类 | Python 类继承 + `init()`/`next()` 生命周期 |
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| **P0** | 向量化引擎 | 信号→撮合→持仓→绩效 四步管道 |
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| **P0** | OrderSimulator | 5 种成交价规则 + 订单拒绝策略 |
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| **P0** | PortfolioTracker | 持仓追踪 + 资金曲线 |
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| **P0** | PerformanceAnalyzer | 18 项绩效指标 |
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| **P0** | CLI `easy-tdx backtest` | 自动获取 K 线 + 执行回测 |
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| **P0** | 预计算指标列支持 | DataFrame 中的额外列可直接在策略中引用 |
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| **P0** | 缠论预留接口 | `self.chanlun` 属性,引擎接受可选 `chanlun_result` 参数 |
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| **P1** | DSL 装饰器 | `@dsl_strategy` Python 函数模式 |
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| **P1** | DSL 字符串解析 | CLI `--strategy "CROSS(MA(close,5),MA(close,20))"` |
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| **P1** | `run_many` 多股票 | 顺序独立回测多只股票 |
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| **P1** | `run_grid` 参数扫描 | 参数网格搜索 |
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---
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## 2. 架构
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### 2.1 文件结构
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```
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src/easy_tdx/backtest/
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├── __init__.py # 公开 API 导出
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├── strategy.py # Strategy 基类 + StrategyDataProxy + IndicatorProvider
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├── dsl.py # DSL 解析器 + @dsl_strategy 装饰器 + 字符串 DSL 编译 (P1)
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├── engine.py # BacktestEngine(向量化执行路径)
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├── orders.py # OrderSimulator(撮合规则 + 订单拒绝策略)
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├── portfolio.py # PortfolioTracker(持仓/资金曲线)
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├── performance.py # PerformanceAnalyzer(绩效指标计算)
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├── types.py # Trade / Position / Signal / BacktestResult 数据类
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└── cli.py # CLI 集成(easy-tdx backtest ...,自动获取 K 线)
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```
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### 2.2 模块交互流
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```
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easy_tdx MacClient.get_stock_kline() → DataFrame
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或 MacClient.get_stock_kline_with_indicators() → DataFrame (含指标列)
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或 ChanlunAnalyser.process_klines() → ChanlunResult (可选注入)
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│
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▼
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BacktestEngine(strategy, cash=100000, chanlun_result=None)
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│
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┌───────────┼───────────┐
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▼ ▼ ▼
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Strategy DSL Parser OrderSimulator
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(Python类) (公式语法) (撮合+拒绝策略)
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│ │ │
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└─────┬─────┘ │
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▼ │
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Signal (bool mask) │
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│ │
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▼ ▼
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PortfolioTracker ←────┘
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│
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▼
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PerformanceAnalyzer
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│
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▼
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BacktestResult
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(绩效指标 + 资金曲线 + 交易记录)
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```
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---
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## 3. 核心数据类型
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### 3.1 Signal
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```python
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@dataclass
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class Signal:
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datetime: int
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direction: Literal["BUY", "SELL"]
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size: float # 0 = 全仓/清仓
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price: float | None # None = 市价
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stop_loss: float | None
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take_profit: float | None
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```
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### 3.2 Trade
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```python
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@dataclass
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class Trade:
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datetime: int
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direction: Literal["BUY", "SELL"]
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size: float
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price: float
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commission: float
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slippage: float
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pnl: float # 仅平仓时计算
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rejected: bool = False # 订单是否被拒绝(资金/持仓不足)
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```
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### 3.3 Position
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```python
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@dataclass
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class Position:
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datetime: int
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size: float # 正=多头,负=空头,0=空仓
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avg_price: float
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market_value: float
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unrealized_pnl: float
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```
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### 3.4 BacktestResult
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```python
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@dataclass
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class BacktestResult:
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performance: dict[str, float]
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equity_curve: pd.DataFrame # datetime, cash, position_value, total, drawdown, drawdown_pct
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trades: pd.DataFrame # datetime, direction, size, price, commission, pnl, rejected
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positions: pd.DataFrame # datetime, size, avg_price, market_value, unrealized_pnl
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config: dict # 包含 future_leak_warning 等标记
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```
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方法:
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- `to_json() → str`
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- `to_dict() → dict`
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- `summary() → None`(打印概要)
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---
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## 4. Strategy 基类
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### 4.1 接口定义
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```python
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class Strategy(ABC):
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def init(self) -> None:
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"""注册指标。策略初始化时调用一次。"""
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pass
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def next(self) -> None:
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"""每根 K 线调用。在此生成买卖信号。"""
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pass
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def I(self, func: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
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"""注册指标函数。init() 后一次性计算,返回完整数组。"""
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...
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def buy(self, size: float = 0, price: float | None = None,
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stop_loss: float | None = None, take_profit: float | None = None) -> None:
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"""买入。size=0 全仓。"""
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...
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def sell(self, size: float = 0, price: float | None = None,
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stop_loss: float | None = None, take_profit: float | None = None) -> None:
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"""卖出。size=0 清仓。"""
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...
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@property
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def data(self) -> StrategyDataProxy: ...
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@property
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def position(self) -> Position: ...
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@property
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def chanlun(self) -> Any | None:
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"""缠论分析结果(如果引擎注入了 chanlun_result 参数)。
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v1 仅作为数据通道,策略可读取笔/中枢/买卖点信息。
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v2 计划实现自动集成。"""
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...
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```
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### 4.2 StrategyDataProxy
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```python
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class StrategyDataProxy:
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"""K 线数据代理。支持 .close[0](当前)、.close[-1](前一根)。
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自动暴露 DataFrame 中的所有列——包括预计算的指标列。
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例如 get_stock_kline_with_indicators() 返回的 MACD_DIF 列
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可直接通过 self.data.MACD_DIF[0] 访问。
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"""
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@property
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def open(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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@property
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def close(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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@property
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def high(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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@property
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def low(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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@property
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def vol(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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@property
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def amount(self) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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# 额外列(预计算指标、缠论结果等)通过 __getattr__ 动态暴露
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def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _SeriesAccessor: ...
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class _SeriesAccessor:
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"""[0] 当前值、[-1] 前一根、切片。"""
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def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> float: ...
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def __len__(self) -> int: ...
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```
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### 4.3 Python 类策略示例
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**基本用法:**
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```python
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class MACrossStrategy(Strategy):
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def init(self):
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self.ma5 = self.I(MA, self.data.close, 5)
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self.ma20 = self.I(MA, self.data.close, 20)
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def next(self):
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if crossover(self.ma5, self.ma20):
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self.buy(size=100)
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elif crossover(self.ma20, self.ma5):
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self.sell(size=100)
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engine = BacktestEngine(strategy=MACrossStrategy, cash=100000)
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result = engine.run(df)
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```
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**使用预计算指标列:**
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```python
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class BollingerBreakout(Strategy):
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def init(self):
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pass # 指标已在 DataFrame 中预计算
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def next(self):
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if self.data.close[0] > self.data.BOLL_UPPER[0]:
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self.sell(size=0)
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elif self.data.close[0] < self.data.BOLL_LOWER[0]:
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self.buy(size=0)
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# 先获取带指标的 DataFrame
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with MacClient.from_best_host() as c:
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df = c.get_stock_kline_with_indicators(
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Market.SH, "600519",
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indicators=["BOLL"],
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count=500,
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)
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engine = BacktestEngine(strategy=BollingerBreakout, cash=100000)
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result = engine.run(df)
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```
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**使用缠论信号(v1 手动注入):**
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```python
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class ChanlunStrategy(Strategy):
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def init(self):
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pass
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def next(self):
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# self.chanlun 是外部注入的 ChanlunResult
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if self.chanlun is None:
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return
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last_mmd = self.chanlun.mmds[-1] if self.chanlun.mmds else None
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if last_mmd and "1buy" in last_mmd.msg:
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self.buy(size=0)
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# 获取 K 线 + 缠论分析
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with MacClient.from_best_host() as c:
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df = c.get_stock_kline(Market.SH, "600519", Period.DAILY, count=800)
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analyser = ChanlunAnalyser("SH600519", "DAILY")
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chanlun_result = analyser.process_klines(df)
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engine = BacktestEngine(strategy=ChanlunStrategy, cash=100000)
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result = engine.run(df, chanlun_result=chanlun_result)
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```
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---
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## 5. DSL 策略定义 (P1)
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### 5.1 设计边界
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| 能做 | 不做 |
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|------|------|
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| 指标交叉、比较、逻辑组合 | 循环、变量赋值、函数定义 |
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| 内置常用函数(CROSS, ABOVE, BELOW, BETWEEN) | 自定义控制流 |
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| 参数化(可调窗口期) | 图灵完备 |
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| **显式引用价格序列** (`close`, `open`, `high`, `low`) | 隐式推断(消除歧义) |
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超出 DSL 能力的——直接用 Python 类。
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### 5.2 两种 DSL 模式
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**Python 装饰器模式**:
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```python
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from easy_tdx.backtest import dsl_strategy
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@dsl_strategy
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def dual_ma(df):
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buy = CROSS(MA(df.close, 5), MA(df.close, 20))
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sell = CROSS(MA(df.close, 20), MA(df.close, 5))
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return buy, sell
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```
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**字符串模式**(CLI 用,显式引用列名):
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```bash
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easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,5),MA(close,20))" --cash 100000 --table
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```
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编译器内部将 `close` 映射到 DataFrame 的 `close` 列。标识符规则:字母/数字/下划线,首字符不为数字。支持的列名:`open`, `close`, `high`, `low`, `vol`, `amount`,以及预计算的指标列名(如 `MACD_DIF`, `BOLL_UPPER`)。
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### 5.3 内置 DSL 函数
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复用 `MyTT.py` 已有实现:
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| 函数 | 签名 | 含义 |
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|------|------|------|
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| `MA(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | 简单移动平均 |
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| `EMA(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | 指数移动平均 |
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| `RSI(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | 相对强弱 |
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| `BOLL(series, n, k)` | `(ndarray, int, float) → tuple` | 布林带 |
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| `MACD(series, fast, slow, signal)` | `(ndarray, ...) → tuple` | MACD |
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| `CROSS(a, b)` | `(ndarray, ndarray) → ndarray[bool]` | 上穿检测 |
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| `REF(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | 前 n 期值 |
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| `HHV(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | n 期最高 |
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| `LLV(series, n)` | `(ndarray, int) → ndarray` | n 期最低 |
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| `BETWEEN(x, a, b)` | `(ndarray, ...) → ndarray[bool]` | 区间判断 |
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| `COUNT(cond, n)` | `(ndarray[bool], int) → ndarray` | n 期满足条件次数 |
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### 5.4 DSL 编译器
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`DSLCompiler.compile(func)` 流程:
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1. 调用 `func(mock_df)` 捕获 DSL 函数调用
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2. 记录 `(buy_mask, sell_mask)` 信号生成规则
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3. 动态生成 Strategy 子类
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引擎侧优化:DSL 策略不逐 Bar 调用 `next()`,直接用 bool mask 一次性生成全部 Signal。
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---
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## 6. 引擎执行流
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### 6.1 BacktestEngine 构造参数
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```python
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class BacktestEngine:
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def __init__(
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self,
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strategy: type[Strategy] | Strategy,
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cash: float = 100000.0,
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commission: float = 0.0003,
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min_commission: float = 5.0,
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stamp_tax: float = 0.001,
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slippage: float = 0.0,
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execution: str = "next_open", # "next_open" | "next_close" | "this_close" | "worst" | "best"
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position_mode: str = "full", # "full" | "fixed" | "percent" | "signal_only"
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order_reject_policy: str = "reduce", # "reduce" | "skip"
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benchmark: pd.DataFrame | None = None,
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):
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...
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def run(self, df: pd.DataFrame, chanlun_result: Any | None = None) -> BacktestResult:
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"""执行回测。df 是 easy_tdx 标准 K 线 DataFrame(可含额外指标列)。
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chanlun_result 可选注入缠论分析结果,策略通过 self.chanlun 访问。
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注意:缠论结果中的时间戳按最近 K 线 datetime 匹配对齐(笔确认需后续K线,
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买卖点时间戳可能与 K 线不完全一致,引擎取 <= 该时间戳的最后一根 K 线)。"""
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...
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```
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### 6.2 四步执行管道
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1. **信号生成**:DSL → bool mask;Python 类 → trace next() 生成 mask
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2. **信号→订单**(OrderSimulator):根据 execution 规则确定成交价,根据仓位模式确定量,根据 order_reject_policy 处理资金/持仓不足
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3. **持仓追踪**(PortfolioTracker):逐 Bar 更新现金/持仓/市值/回撤
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4. **绩效分析**(PerformanceAnalyzer):从资金曲线计算全部指标
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Step 2 是唯一需要逐行处理的步骤(仓位依赖前一 Bar 状态)。其余步骤全向量化。
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### 6.3 OrderSimulator 成交价规则
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| 模式 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `next_open`(默认) | 下一根 K 线开盘价成交,最真实 |
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| `next_close` | 下一根 K 线收盘价成交 |
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| `this_close` | 当根 K 线收盘价成交(**未来函数风险**,引擎自动在日志输出红色警告,并在 `BacktestResult.config` 中标记 `future_leak_warning=True`) |
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| `worst` | 对投资者最差价格(买入取 high,卖出取 low) |
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| `best` | 对投资者最优价格(买入取 low,卖出取 high) |
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### 6.4 仓位管理规则
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| 模式 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `full`(默认) | 买入用全部现金,卖出清仓 |
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| `fixed` | 每次固定股数 |
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| `percent` | 每次用总资产的 N% |
|
||
| `signal_only` | 只生成信号,不模拟仓位 |
|
||
|
||
### 6.5 订单拒绝策略
|
||
|
||
当资金不足(买入)或持仓不足(卖出)时的处理方式:
|
||
|
||
| 模式 | 说明 |
|
||
|------|------|
|
||
| `reduce`(默认) | 自动减到最大可买/可卖量:买入量 = min(请求量, 最大可买量);卖出量 = min(请求量, 当前持仓量)。记录实际成交 |
|
||
| `skip` | 跳过该信号,记录一条 `rejected=True` 的 Trade |
|
||
|
||
### 6.6 费用模型
|
||
|
||
- 佣金:`max(size * price * commission_rate, min_commission)`,买卖双向
|
||
- 印花税:`size * price * stamp_tax_rate`,仅卖出
|
||
- 滑点:`size * slippage_per_share`
|
||
|
||
### 6.7 基准对齐规则
|
||
|
||
`benchmark` 参数传入 `pd.DataFrame`,要求包含 `datetime` 和 `close` 列。引擎内部执行:
|
||
1. 按 `datetime` 对齐(`merge` on `datetime`)
|
||
2. 缺失值前向填充(`ffill`)
|
||
3. 仍缺失的 Bar 不计入 alpha/information_ratio 计算
|
||
|
||
### 6.8 多策略批量回测 (P1)
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# 多只股票(顺序独立回测,非组合)
|
||
results = engine.run_many({
|
||
"SH600519": df_519,
|
||
"SZ000858": df_858,
|
||
})
|
||
# → dict[str, BacktestResult],每个 key 对应一只股票的回测结果
|
||
|
||
# 参数扫描
|
||
results = engine.run_grid(df, params={
|
||
"short": [5, 10, 15],
|
||
"long": [20, 30, 60],
|
||
})
|
||
# → list[GridResult]
|
||
# GridResult.params: dict[str, Any] # 使用的参数组合
|
||
# GridResult.result: BacktestResult # 该参数组合的回测结果
|
||
# GridResult 支持 .sort_by("sharpe").to_table()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 7. 绩效指标
|
||
|
||
| 指标 | key | 算法 |
|
||
|------|-----|------|
|
||
| 总收益率 | `total_return` | `(total[-1] / total[0]) - 1` |
|
||
| 年化收益率 | `annual_return` | `(1 + r) ** (252/n) - 1` |
|
||
| 最大回撤 | `max_drawdown` | `max((peak - total) / peak)` |
|
||
| 最大回撤天数 | `max_dd_duration` | 首次新高 - 回撤起点 |
|
||
| 夏普比率 | `sharpe` | `(mean(ret) - rf/252) / std(ret) * sqrt(252)` |
|
||
| 索提诺比率 | `sortino` | 分母只用负收益标准差 |
|
||
| 卡玛比率 | `calmar` | `annual_return / max_drawdown` |
|
||
| 总交易次数 | `total_trades` | `len(trades)` |
|
||
| 盈利/亏损次数 | `win_trades` / `lose_trades` | `trade_pnl > 0 / <= 0` |
|
||
| 被拒绝订单数 | `rejected_trades` | `trade.rejected == True` 的数量 |
|
||
| 胜率 | `win_rate` | `win_trades / total_trades` |
|
||
| 盈亏比 | `profit_factor` | `sum(win_pnl) / abs(sum(lose_pnl))` |
|
||
| 平均盈利/亏损 | `avg_win` / `avg_loss` | 盈利/亏损交易均值 |
|
||
| 最大单笔盈亏 | `max_win` / `max_loss` | 单笔极值 |
|
||
| 平均持仓天数 | `avg_holding_days` | 买入到卖出的 Bar 数均值 |
|
||
| 收益波动率 | `volatility` | `std(daily_ret) * sqrt(252)` |
|
||
| 基准超额收益 | `alpha` | 策略收益 - 基准收益(需 benchmark) |
|
||
| 信息比率 | `information_ratio` | 超额收益均值 / 跟踪误差(需 benchmark) |
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 8. CLI 集成
|
||
|
||
### 8.1 命令
|
||
|
||
CLI 自动获取 K 线数据,用户无需手动构造 DataFrame:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# 基本用法:自动获取 K 线 + 执行回测
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,5),MA(close,20))" --cash 100000 --table
|
||
|
||
# 指定周期/复权/数量
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,5),MA(close,20))" \
|
||
--period DAILY --adjust QFQ --count 500 --table
|
||
|
||
# Python 类策略文件
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy-file my_strategy.py --cash 100000
|
||
|
||
# 参数化
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,{short}),MA(close,{long}))" \
|
||
--params short=5,long=20
|
||
|
||
# 参数扫描 (P1)
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,{short}),MA(close,{long}))" \
|
||
--grid short=5,10,15 --grid long=20,30,60 --sort-by sharpe --table
|
||
|
||
# 输出 CSV
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy "CROSS(MA(close,5),MA(close,20))" --output csv
|
||
|
||
# 策略文件中用预计算指标列
|
||
easy-tdx backtest SH 600519 --strategy-file boll_strategy.py --indicators BOLL --table
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 8.2 输出格式
|
||
|
||
默认 JSON,`--table` 切换表格,`--output csv` 输出 CSV。与现有 CLI 行为一致。
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 9. 测试计划
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_strategy.py # Strategy 基类 + 指标注入 + 预计算列 + 缠论注入
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_dsl.py # DSL 解析 + 编译 (P1)
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_engine.py # 引擎核心(信号→成交→持仓)
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_orders.py # 撮合规则(5 种 execution + 2 种 reject policy)
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_portfolio.py # 持仓追踪 + 资金曲线
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_performance.py # 绩效计算(手工验证已知结果)
|
||
tests/unit/test_backtest_cli.py # CLI 命令(click test runner)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
全部离线测试,使用手工构造的 DataFrame fixture,零网络依赖。
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 10. 未来扩展点(v1 不实现,架构不堵死)
|
||
|
||
- **缠论自动集成** (P1→v2):引擎自动调用 `ChanlunAnalyser`,策略通过 `self.chanlun` 直接获取笔/中枢/买卖点,无需手动注入
|
||
- **事件驱动执行路径**:支持日内策略、逐 tick 推演
|
||
- **多品种组合回测**:Portfolio 级别,同时持有多只股票的资金分配
|
||
- **风控模块**:最大回撤止损、单笔止损、仓位上限
|
||
- **实时模拟交易**:Strategy 基类接口可直接迁移
|
||
- **可视化**:K 线 + 买卖点标注 + 资金曲线
|
||
- **信号导出**:`--save-signals` 将买卖点写入 DataFrame,联动 indicator 命令
|